BASICS OF MICROPROCESSOR -(8085)

Microprocessor is a programmable device that can be used to control processes as basics as 'turning an LED ON or OFF ' to, as complicated as making a working humanoid.

Microprocessor can be viewed as a data processing unit or a computing unit in a computer.

It communicates and operates in the binary numbers called bits('0'and '1').

Instructions that we feed in the microprocessor are called MNEMONICS.  This forms the assembly language of the microprocessor.

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DEFINITION :-

A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, register based electronic device that reads 'binary instructions' from the storage device called 'memory', accepts binary data as inputs and process data according to those 'mnemonics' and provides the result as output.

Any programming Machine can be represented by this basic four components:-

1. Microprocessor/Microcontroller.
2. Memory 
3. Input 
4.  Output.

These basic four components are sufficient enough to :-

• make a traffic light circuit.
• compute math functions.
• keep a track of guidance system.

BIT is and abbreviation for Binary daTa. This digit is represented as a voltage in the machine code.

WORD is recognized as a group of bits that can be processed by a microprocessor. According to the word length we have different microprocessors:-

• 8-bit microprocessor .
• 16-bit microprocessor.
• 32-bit microprocessor.

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Microprocessor as CPU:-{MPU-Micro - Processing Unit.}:-

image...{block diagram_1}

CPU: Central Processing Unit. Consist of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and Control Unit. Has registers that stores data.
Control Unit:- it takes care about the time required to complete a process.
  ALU :- takes cares about the arithmetic and logical operations. Has counters                               and decoders in it.

Peripherals: They are the input and output device that are connected to the microprocessor. Like- Keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.

Micro - Processing Unit :-  it implies a complete processing unit with the necessary control systems and signals.
Due to limited numbers of pins available in a microprocessor we need to connect certain discrete circuits to make the microprocessor a complete functional unit or MPU.

Microcontroller is a device which has MPU with memory and input-output interfacing circuits built in a single chip.
Micro-computer is a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.

image..{block diagram_2}.

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Abbreviations:- 

SSI: Small Scale Integration .
MSI: Medium Scale Integration.
LSI: Large Scale Integration.
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration.
SLSI:  Super Large Scale Integration.

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8085 has :-

• 65000 transistors.
• 5MHz internal clock speed.
• 16-bit address bus.
• 8-bit data bus.
• 64000 addressable memory locations.

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Microprocessor is divided into three basic components:-

• ALU.
• Register Array.
• Control Unit.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit:- Performs the basic math and logical operations (AND, OR and XOR).
Register Array:- "B, C; D,E; H,L" are the six basic registers which can be used by the user to store temporary data during the execution of the program. They form three register pairs namely, BC; DE; HL pairs.
Control Unit:- Provides necessary timing and control signals to the microprocessor. Controls the flow of data among microprocessor, memory, and peripherals.

Memory:- Stores binary information as instructions/ data and provides that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary. Has two sections ROM and RAM.
ROM:- is used for storing a program that does not need any alterations. Programs in this section can only be read i.e. cannot be altered example-monitor program.
RAM:- or R/WM is called as the user memory as it is use to store user data and programs.

Once the program is executed - - Microprocessor reads the instructions and data from the memory and performs the computation operation in its ALU section.
Result is either transferred to the output section for display or stored in the memory for later use.

System Bus:-  it is the communication network between the microprocessor and the peripherals, basically it is a group of wire carrying bits.

ALL PERIPHERALS SHARE THE SAME SYSTEM BUS; HOWEVER MICROPROCESSOR COMMUNICATES WITH ONLY ONE PERIPHERAL AT A TIME. TIMING IS PROVIDED BY THE CONTROL UNIT.

WORKING OF MICROPROCESSOR:-

When the microprocessor is given a command to execute the program, it reads and executes one instruction at a time and finally sends the result to the output.
Sequence is read, interpreted and performed.
Instructions are stored sequentially in the memory. So, a microprocessor first fetches the first instruction executes it, decodes it and then executes the next instruction.
This process of fetching, decoding and executing goes on until microprocessor has reached the halt instruction.

Microprocessor uses- System Bus to fetch the instructions;
                                           Registers to store data temporarily;
                                           ALU to compute the functions and send the result to system bus;

~Jay Mehta

MACHINE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OF 8085

Word is defined as the number of bits a microprocessor can recognize.
1 byte = 2 nibbles = 8 bits.

Programs written in machine language can not be understood by most of the people, therefore, we use assembly language.
Assembly language has English-like words for a better understanding of the program to common people.
The disadvantage  of assembly language is it can not be transferred from one machine to another as it is specific t a given machine.

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Machine Language:-

A number of words for a machine is fixed as the number of bits for a machine are fixed.
A machine with8-bitt word length has a maximum of 256 words ( 2^8 ).
Instructions are formed my the microprocessor design engineer, who selects a particular combination of words to give them a specific meaning by applying the logic.

8085 is the improved version of earlier processor 8080 A.
It has a word length of 8 bits.

An INSTRUCTION  is a binary pattern entered through an input device in memory to command the microprocessor for performing that specific function.

8085 has 246-bit patterns, amounting to 74 different instructions for performing various operations. 8085 has two more instructions than 8080 A microprocessor.
for example - 0011 1100 is equivalent to 3 C . hence, instead of writing 0011 1100 we directly write 3 C for our convenience.

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Assembly Language:-

Mnemonics- is a Greek word meaning memory aid or mindful.

Both the machine language and the assembly language are considered low-level languages for programming.

We convert the assembly language program written by us in hexadecimal code which is then electronically further converted into binary code so that computer or processor can comprehend and perform accordingly.

ASCII-American Standard Code Of Information Interchange.   

hexadecimal value            decimal value
30H to 39H                            0 to 9
41H to 5AH                            A to Z

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Writing, Assembling and Executing Assembly Language Program(ALP):-

Steps : –

1. Write the Mnemonic provided by the manufacturer.
2. Find the hexadecimal Machine code for each of the instructions by searching through the set of instructions.
3. Load the program in the user memory in sequential order by using the hexadecimal keyboard peripheral.
4. Execute the program, the result will be displayed on the output(LEDs, LCD or Seven Segmented Display).

Assembler is the mnemonic program that translates the entered ASCII keyboard inputs into the corresponding binary machine code for a microprocessor.

Block Diagram Of a High-Level Language Machine Code:-

Source Code —> Compiler/ Interpreter —> Object Code.

An interaction between the hardware and the software is managed by a set of programs called operating system.

Monitor Program is a code that accepts an input from the keyboard and translates it into its binary equivalent.

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Hardware and Programming Model of 8085:-

A MODEL is a conceptual representation of a real object.

Hardware Model’s Block Diagram:-

The First block includes the ALU and 8-bit register called the Accumulator, instruction decoder and flags.
The Second block includes other 8 bit and 16-bit registers which are available for the user.

All the results are stored in the Accumulator, while making respective flip-flops (Flags) set or reset.

It has three Buses:-
8 bit bi-directional Data Bus – transfers data.
16-bit unidirectional Address Bus – send out memory Address.
Control Bus – timing signals.

Programming Model’s Block Diagram:-

Registers – Six general purpose registers namely B,C ; D, E ; H, L;
They form three register pairs so that we can perform 16-bit operations.
Register are used to store or copy data using data storing and copying instructions.

Accumulator – it is a special register having 8-bit memory space which performs the ALU operations. Normally,the  result is stored in this register by default.

Flags –  ALU has 5 flags (flip-flops) which are set or reset after the operation, according to the data conditions stored in the registers.

Flag Register’s Block Diagram:-

Namely :
D7- Sign Flag ; 
D6 – Zero Flag ; 
D4 – Auxiliary Carry Flag ;
D2 – Parity Flag ; 
D0 – Carry Flag ;

This flags control the flow of program as they set the decisions making processes in the microprocessor.
To do this we have some mnemonics  like – JC ; JNC ; JZ ; JNZ ;

Sign Flag is set when D7 is 1.
Zero Flag is set when the result is zero.
Auxiliary Carry Flag is set when a carry is generated by the digit D3 and passed to D4. No jump instruction is associated with this flag.
Parity Flag is set when it has even number of one’s in its binary equivalent.
Carry Flag is set when the operation results into a carry.

Program Counter – is used to sequence the execution of the instructions. Its function is to point to the memory address from which the next byte is to be fetched.

Stack Pointer– points to a memory location in RAM.

~Jay Mehta

STUDY OF IC 555 (TIMER IC)

• Contains built in timer circuit hence widely known as timer IC.
• Can produce precise time delays.
• IC 555 is an eight pin package.
• Has three basic modes of operation:-

o Astable (no trigger required).
o Monostable (one trigger required).
o Bistable (two triggers are required).

• Special features:-

o Low-cost timer IC.
o Precise time delays are possible with a wide range of frequencies that can be set.
o Three basic useful operating modes MONOSTABLE, ASTABLE AND BISTABLE.
o Complementary outputs from R-S Flip-Flop namely Q and Q’ (Q-bar).
o Time delay produced at the output is independent of voltage fluctuations. It depends on external resistance and capacitance.
o Compatible with both Analog and Digital circuits.

• IC Specifications:-

(TA = 25°C, VCC = 5 V to 15 V, unless otherwise specified)
o Supply Voltage :- 3V to 16V
o Maximum load current :- 200mA
o Supply Current :-

 (VCC = 5 V, RL = ∞; Test Condition); 3mA (Typical); 6mA (Max).
 (VCC = 15 V, RL = ∞; Test Condition); 10mA (Typical); 15mA (Max).

o Timing Error, Monostable

 Initial Accuracy:- 1 %
 Drift with Temperature: - ( RA = 1 k to 100kΩ, C = 0.1μF; Test Condition); 50ppm/°C
 Accuracy over Temperature:- 1.5 %
 Drift with Supply:- 0.1 % V

o Timing Error, Astable

 Initial Accuracy:- 2.25
 Drift with Temperature: - (RA, RB =1 k to 100kΩ, C = 0.1μF; Test Condition); 150ppm/°C.
 Accuracy over Temperature: - 3.0%.
 Drift with Supply: - 0.30 % /V.

o Threshold Voltage: - 0.667 x VCC.
o Trigger Voltage: - 1.67 x VCC.
o Trigger Current: - 0.5μA (Typical); 0.9μA (Max).
o Reset Voltage: - 0.4V (Min); 0.5V (Typical); 1V (Max).
o Reset Current: - 0.1mA (Typical); 0.4mA (Max).
o Threshold Current: - 0.1μA (Typical); 0.25μA (Max).
o Control Voltage Level: - (VCC = 15V, Test Condition); 9V (Min); 10V (Typical); 11V (Max).

• Pin Configuration:-

1. Pin 1. – Ground, The ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative (0v) supply rail.

2. Pin 2. – Trigger, The negative input to the lower comparator. A negative pulse on this pin “sets” the internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops below 1/3Vcc causing the output to switch from the “LOW” to  the“HIGH” state.

3. Pin 3. – Output, The output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of loading up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal to 1.5V.

4. Pin 4. – Reset, This pin is used to “reset” the internal Flip-flop controlling the state of the output, pin 3. This is an active-low pin.

5. Pin 5. – Control Voltage, This pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding the 2/3Vcc level of the voltage divider network. By applying a voltage to this pin the width of the output signal can be varied independently of the RC timing network. When not used it is connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.

6. Pin 6. – Threshold, The positive input to the upper comparator. This pin is used to reset the Flip-flop when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc causing the output to switch from “HIGH” to “LOW” state. This pin connects directly to the RC timing circuit.

7. Pin 7. – Discharge, The discharge pin is connected directly to the Collector of an internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing capacitor to ground when the output at pin 3 switches “LOW”.

8. Pin 8. – Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin.

• Internal Block Diagram:-

1. Voltage divider: - IC 555 contains a resistor voltage divider between  the supply voltage and ground with three equal 5 kilo-ohm resistors. Hence, the name IC 555. The main function of Voltage divider is to produce two reference voltages two third of the supply voltage and one-third of the supply voltage.

2. Operational Amplifier: - A comparator circuit which operates input voltage with some reference voltage. The output of the comparator is either high or low.

  The threshold voltage is greater than or equal to two-third of the supply voltage. (Input to the non-inverting terminal).
 Trigger voltage less than or equal to one-third of the supply voltage. (Input to the inverting terminal).

3. R-S Flip-Flop:- ‘S’ pin of the flip-flop is driven by the upper comparator containing threshold as the input.
‘R’ pin of the flip-flop is driven by the lower comparator containing trigger as the input.
‘Q’ is conducted to internal NPN transistor known as the discharge transistor because it controls the charge and discharge time of the externally connected capacitor.
Working:-
‘Q’ drives the discharge transistor when ‘Q’ is high, as transistor goes to saturation leading to its conduction which sets the path for the capacitor to discharge.
When ‘Q’ is low the discharge transistor foes in the cut off state leading to an open switch system which helps the capacitor to get charged.
“Q’ (Q-bar)” is taken as the common use output of the IC.
PIN 4 the reset pin of the IC makes the IC’s timer to its reset position when the Q-bar is set low.

Truth Table:-

• Summary:-

1. Voltage divider produces two reference voltage, two third of the supply voltage and one-third of the supply voltage, for the conduction of respective comparators.

2. When the threshold input is greater than two third of the supply voltage, the upper comparator output goes high and sets the flip-flop making the transistor on leading to the discharge of the capacitor and leading to a low pulse at the IC’s output.

3. When the trigger input is less than one-third of the supply voltage, the lower comparator output goes high and sets the flip-flop making the transistor off leading to the charge of the capacitor and leading to high pulse at the IC’s output.

• Applications:-

1. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

• Circuit Diagram:-
  
• Can generate a variable output voltage that oscillates between high and low voltage levels. Hence, named Astable Multivibrator.
• In this, mode no external input is required to trigger the circuit. The capacitor voltage itself controls the two opposite comparators making the flip-flop set or reset alternatively.
• The output of this circuit is not symmetric, it is not a perfect square way as the charging and discharging time depends on different parameters.
  Charing time depends on the 470k resistor, 1k resistor, and the 10microFarad capacitor.
  Whereas, discharging time depends on the 470k resistor and 10microFarad capacitor.
  Hence, On time is never equal to Off time.
  T(on) = 0.693 * (Ra + Rb) * C.
  T(off) = 0.693 * (Ra + 2Rb) * C.
• Working:-
  The capacitor voltage is exponentially increasing, the output of IC 555 remains HIGH. But, when it exceeds two-third of the supply voltage the PIN-6 of the IC makes the output of the upper comparator HIGH making the output of the flip-flop go LOW. It sets the flip-flop making the Q-bar low causing a low output of IC making LED turn OFF. At the same time, Q is high which makes the discharge transistor ON, allowing the capacitor to discharge through it.
  Frequency of this circuit can be calculated by the formula: -
  F = 1.44 / (Ra + 2 * Rb) * C       Hz.
  Duty Cycle of the circuit is given by: -
  D % = (Ra + Rb) / (Ra + 2 * Rb) * 100 %

2. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

• Circuit Diagram:-
  
•  Can generate a variable output voltage that oscillates between high and low voltage levels, but when a triggered pulse is given. Hence, named Monostable Multivibrator.
• In this, mode one external input is required to trigger the circuit. The Push to ON switch sets and resets the flip-flops.
• The output of this circuit is dependent on our switching speed, it may or may not produce a perfect square way as the charging and discharging time depends on different parameters and the frequency at which we switch.
  T = 1.1 * R * C.
• PIN-2 is kept at supply voltage in order to make trigger above one-third of it.
• When the switch is made ON the PIN-2 is connected to ground potential making the time delay start.
• PIN-4 is connected to supply voltage in order to make the reset PIN inactive as we don't want to use the facility in this circuitry.
• PIN-3 is the output. Hence, LED is connected as an indicator.
• A 0.22microFarad capacitor is used to keep control of the voltage fixed at two-third of the supply voltage and filter the external unwanted noise.
• The delay can be changed by varying the value of 470k potentiometer or the 230microFarad capacitor.
• Thus, the value of RC time constant decides the width of the pulse at the output.
• Working:-
  The capacitor voltage is exponentially increasing, the output of IC 555 remains HIGH. But, when it exceeds two-third of the supply voltage the PIN-6 of the IC makes the output of the upper comparator HIGH making the output of the flip-flop go LOW. It sets the flip-flop making the Q-bar low causing a low output of IC making LED turn OFF, indicating that the time delay is over. At the same time, Q is high which makes the discharge transistor ON, allowing the capacitor to discharge through it.

3. BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
4. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

• Circuit diagram:-
  
• In this case, the reference voltage two-third Vcc remains unchanged.
• PWM is an analog technic of pulse modulation where the pulse width of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
• The width is decided by the control voltage of the IC PIN-5.
• When the modulating voltage is maximum the width is maximum and at minimum (maximum negative amplitude) the pulse width is minimum.

5. PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)

• Circuit Diagram: -
  
• The input modulating signal must be converted into pulse width modulation before getting the PPM waveform.
• PPM is an analog technique of pulse position modulation where the position of the pulse is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
• The PWM signal is used to trigger the monostable circuitry, causing variations in the position of the output waveform.

6. FSK (Frequency Shift Key Generator)

• Circuit Diagram: -
  
• FSK sends binary data in the form of frequency.
• IC 555 uses Astable Multivibrator mode to produce FSK generator with the input signal as 0 or 1.
• The frequency of square wave generated by IC 555 depends on the transistor switch.
• Working: -When the input is 0 the transistor remains OFF. Hence, Ra is in the circuit generating a lower frequency.
  When the input is 1 the transistor becomes ON. Hence, Rc is in the circuit which acts as a shunt to Ra leading to the generation of a higher frequency waveform.
• ~Jay Mehta
  

When All That You Need Is Love!

~Jay Mehta

Hola, Amigos and to all the lovesick people out there!!
This article should be quite helpful to all the innocent victims of cupid’s mischievous game plays.

Is love a real thing?
Is the science of love justified?
Why do we even fall in love?
Why do we choose just one specific person in our life to live rest of our lives. In a generation like ours, won't we get bored with them as we get bored by quite a lot of things humans contributing the most part of it in some cases?
So what is this chaos all about?
LET’s FIND IT OUT.

Dear Singles/ Lovesick people,

 This article would guide you over the difference among the three evils - crush (infatuation/’#Just_The_Attraction_Thing’), love and lust. They share a thin line which differentiates them from one another. It is this difference between them that makes all the difference in a relationship. Reading this article should help you figure out your position in the relationship and let you identify if the relationship will last or not. It would even help you realize that whether you were even there in the relationship or not. That is it would help you identify if it is an infatuation or true love.

(Warning: This article is not for faint hearted, over anxious and highly emotional people. It may harm your feeling but the truth is – truth never changes. The world is a very bizarre place and nothing is off the limits. So, if you decide to stay, I hope you enjoy. Just Kidding, have fun reading this article. It is really interesting.
To avoid the cumbersome overuse of “him/her” and “he/she,” I use “the other” as well as “they” and “them” interchangeably)

So here we go ………

Before discussing anything about the difference we shall first understand each and every stage. We must know their true meaning and the inner definition.

Some terms you should be clear about:-

LOVE: it is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that range from interpersonal affection to pleasure. It can be referred to an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment. It can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection. Love is the unselfish, loyal and benevolent concern for the good of other (your soul-mate, your lover).
Love may be understood as a function to keep human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species.
 Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends" #BURNS).
The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliche. Several common proverbs regard to love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to will the good of another." Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value. Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another." Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love." Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as "unconditional selflessness".

INFATUATION: or being smitten is the state of being carried away by an unreasoned passion. Basically, it is the weaker form of love. It is like the one-sided feeling, which dies out with time due to the lack of response from the partner. Love is the infatuation that is reciprocated. It’s like this: Infatuation is a one-way road whereas Love is a two-way road.
LIMERENCE (also infatuated love) is a state of mind which results from a romantic attraction to another person and typically includes obsessive thoughts and fantasies and a desire to form or maintain a relationship with the object of love and have one's feelings reciprocated (but, Alas! It is never responded as the other person is not yet into you).

LUST is an emotion or feeling of intense desire in the body. The lust can take any form such as the lust for sex, lust for expensive objects (extravagance) or the lust for power. It can take such mundane forms as the lust for food as distinct from the need for food. Lust is a psychological force producing intense wanting for an object, or circumstance fulfilling the emotion. In context with love, lust is a form where you have sexual desires more than any other feeling. You just see the other person in a way to fulfill your desires and urges. Lust is just a hike in the feelings which gives signals to the brain to release the chemicals which generate sexual urges. Hence, it is the least trustworthy feeling which may change as soon as another physically attractive person cuts your way. But it is a basic requirement in a long-term relationship.

ROMANCE is the expressive and pleasurable feeling of an emotional attraction towards another person often associated with sexual attraction.
In the context of romantic love relationships, romance usually implies an expression of one's strong romantic love or one's deep emotional desires to connect with another person intimately or romantically. Historically, the term "romance" originates with the medieval ideal of chivalry as set out in its chivalry romance literature.
Humans have a natural inclination to form bonds with one another through social interactions, be it through verbal communication or non-verbal gestures.

FLIRTING is a psychological study of the other person, you are testing if they respond in the way that you hope if they can spar with you mentally; it is kind of a science experiment. You test various methods and check which gives the best result.

HOW DO WE FALL IN LOVE?

Love at first sight, is that even a thing?
Do we humans really fall in love with someone whom we haven’t met ever before and without knowing their likes and dislikes, without knowing their areas of interest, their ambitions, and their sense of humor??
Do we mess up with the terms like and love altogether and can’t figure out the basic difference in them?
We can have a counter-view on it. We could say that love at first sight, is a real thing as the high value accorded to others external features are projected onto their internal characteristics. But again we can’t ignore the fact that it may often mislead us as it is based on our imagination than on sight. However, it can still be love and can seriously be intense.

IS IT LUST OR LOVE??

We all experience that wild, irresistible feeling at the beginning of our new relationship (especially the first one that we go through.)
You don’t feel like eating, sleeping and concentrate on anything as you constantly think about your partner. Heartbeats are increased so is the adrenalin rush. You constantly crave to be with them and spend the endless chatting and gossiping.
But when we are in this heightened arousal state of the beginning of the romance, many of us step back and think if this feeling is just an infatuation, lust or we have found our true love. This is very common and people often get into great delusion between identifying the two. But what if you know how to differentiate them and never have to take a step back and ask yourself if it is lust or love.

Let us start discussing, Lust:
When we are drawn to someone based solely on their appearance, physical and sexual arousal, then you are in lust.
In such cases, you are filled with sexual desires that don’t stop. Meanwhile, all the sex stimulating hormones are being generated and flood your brain. In this state of mind we start idealizing our partner, we don’t see them as who they are but we see them as a person that we want them to be.
The phrase “Love Is Blind” is true but the fact is it is the lust that makes it blind. At the initial stage of the relationship, when we start idealizing a person we actually blindfold ourselves to the reality and thus the love we fall in. Thus, in this phase, we all like their behavior and foolishness. But as this phase vanishes we start to see this faults and flaws in them. Thereby, getting irritated by the things we initially adored. As soon as you see this change you should understand that it was just a lust because “Feeling change, not the People”.

Love:
Love is a profound emotion and as an overall effect on our body – mentally and physically. When we are in love our brain starts to produce oxy-toxin – the love hormone. It triggers relaxation and promotes emotional bonding and closeness. This is exactly opposite to lust.

  The time you should realize that you are in love:

• Connection: when you are really eager to introduce your partner to your family and close friends and want them to get involved in your personal life.

• We language: when you start using words like ‘we’, ‘us’ – that is the third person speech rather than ‘I’, ‘me’, ‘he/she’ etc.

• Self-disclosure: when you will give out and share all of your information to them irrespective of them asking about it. You share your past, future (ambitions), secrets and maybe some confidential data. If you are doing this then you are definitely in love with that person.

• Start influencing: when you both take decisions together and discuss them before taking any final verdict on the topic (somewhat like things the married couple does).

IS LOVE GOOD FOR YOUR HEALTH?

Humans are social creatures. We live together in cities and crave for being close to one another. But, is being social actually good for our health?

According to a 2002 study in the American Journal of Sociology, uncoupled people were found to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, mood disorders, and adjustment problems and demonstrate suicidal behavior more frequently than their coupled counterparts.

A 2010 study published in Plus One found that feelings of euphoria associated with romantic love activates the brain’s reward system and reduces physical and mental pain.

 A study found out that just by seeing
Being in love, especially when you are nuts about someone in the early phase of the relationship releases hormones in the brain that actually makes you happy (Dopamine).

According to a 2010 study by the University of Chicago and North-Western University, brains in relationship produce “cortisol” a stress hormone that regulates and moderates the effect of stress on the body.

Romantic love activates the areas of the brain that are rich in desire, addiction, dopamine level and euphoria states, so basically, all those things that make you feel good and happy.
But then, what about singles? Well, friendships and family love also play the same role as played by our lover. Our attachment

Hence, friends and family members come to our rescue in the times of depression and anxiety. Just a warm hug from them can reduce a load of stress and anxiety. It can even save one’s life as a lot of depression increases the risk of suicidal attempts.

HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CRUSH?

Yeah, we all do feel that awful nerves that come up when we land up to talk with our crush. It really is embarrassing when we are apprehensive in front of them or in their presence.

So here are some tips to stay confident in front of them and get over the cold feet:

• Have confidence in yourself, they are no alien. Don’t feel insecure. Just remember that you both are of the same kind have same interest (even though it is not, this false affirmation will help you to talk to them and share your feelings about them) and have almost the same knowledge about different stuff. Such thoughts should definitely help you build courage and tackle them.

• Start the conversation with the topic you are comfortable with and confident about this would help to blend you into the conversation and make you look confident irrespective of what you feel from within. Therefore your subconscious should the rest. And if your topic of interest matches with theirs BINGO you just got a ride to a sweet bumpy journey.

• Wearing decent clothes helps a lot. Wearing decent clothes helps the person in front of us to feel comfortable and they feel good to be around us.

• Take deep breaths whenever you start feeling too nervous or anxious. Just keep in mind that these deep breaths don’t come out as sighs. If it does then the tables will instantly turn around and we may lose our respect and the interest that person had created for us.

• Always feel free to leave the conversation if you don’t feel comfortable at all and feel that the time is yet to come. It is totally cool; rather it is a wise decision. But while you do that you should end the conversation on a positive note by giving them a warm goodbye. This even helps to set good conversation starter for our next meet with our partner.

• Never be hasty. Have patience.

• Start hanging out with them once the things between you two have been smooth for a while and a trust has been developed between the two of you. Hanging out with each other will help you know each other better and help you identify the true side of your partner.

EXPRESSING LOVE/ HOW IMPORTANT IS PHYSICAL TOUCH IN A RELATIONSHIP?

 Everybody expresses love a bit differently, some of us express love more emotionally, some of us express love physically and some express it in a balanced combination of both. Whereas some don’t express it in any of those things.

To stay in a long-term happy relationship, all that a couple needs to do is to stay together, watch sappy movies and romance-comedies. Also, should have a live conversation with one another about the movies that you watched and things in general. This process proves to be equivalent to a relational therapy and stands out to be quite effective. The participants who practiced these traits were observed to stay together for a longer period of time as compared to their counterparts that showed more inclination towards divorce.

Physical touch plays a key role in a relationship. According to a study in Oxford University, women were found to change their opinions about their partners just after the first kiss they had with them. In the study, it was shown that women preferred kissing as the vital part of a relationship whereas; men were not that specific about it.
Physical touch is termed as one of the most important love languages.

The book – “The Five Love Languages” boils down the whole relationship thing into five distinguished buckets.

According to the author of the book the five languages are:

1. Words of Affirmation: in this, we use affirmative statements for our partner which flatters them and makes them believe that we still love them. These statements could be anything like – “I Love You!”, “I Miss You”, “You look beautiful” etc.

2. An act of Service: in this, we learn that we should help our partners in their mundane work and make the routine a bit juicy for them and add occasional spice in the relationship so as to reignite the love. These acts act like a fuel to our love life. They can be anything from sweeping the floor to cooking or may just organize things in the house and reduce their work for the day. And like it has been said, “Action speaks louder than words.” So just keep that quote in mind and implement it on occasional basis

3. Giving gifts: apart from using affirming words and showing acts of kindness and love we can even express it by giving gifts to them without any reason. You should go out of your way to do this and buy gifts or movie tickets or tickets to their favorite show. It is not necessary to buy stuff all together you can even make cards or keep notes or write daily post it, basically anything that shows your love for them. These acts of gifting will add spice and element of surprise in the relationship which will reignite the love in your life.

4. Quality Time: We must give time to them and give our complete attention to them at least once a day. This would show that we care and still love them. You can set a specific time in the day just for them where you give your complete attention to them. During this period you should isolate yourself from all the hi-tech stuff, just you and them.

5. Physical Touch: One of the most important ways where you actually affirm your partner that you love them and would stay with them. It includes holding hands, hugging, kissing and obviously sex.

Love languages are simple checkboxes if you hit all these then well; you are doing a great job. But still everyone expresses their love in a different way, so you need to find yours.

LOVE FROM A WOMAN’s AND A MAN’s POINT OF VIEW / HOW DIFFERENT GENDERS TREAT LOVE?

Love has an effect on the limbic system of the human body which the body’s reward center.
When we start to fall in love, that is the infatuation stage, our brain releases dopamine, adrenaline, and norepinephrine which are all brain chemicals. Love also decreases the serotonin levels. These chemicals light up our brain and spread all over it, creating a feeling of euphoria.

Once when the brain has passed the infatuation period and is done with all the flooding of the feel-good chemicals. Brain decreases the rate at which these chemicals were being released. By this stage – the post-infatuation phase our brain starts releasing a new chemical named vasopressin and oxy-toxin (love chemical/hormone). After the honeymoon period (infatuation stage), we start to fall in the long term attraction phase.
But what if we face a heartbreak? At such times, our body responds to the emotional stress of a broken heart similar to a physical pain/illness. At such time our brain releases tons of hormones like cortisol (which is one of the many stress hormones), adrenaline – turns up your immune responses and these hormone levels are three times as high as someone who’s actually experiencing a heart attack.

All these affect our blood pressure as our heart is unable to pump properly. Thus, heartbreak can affect you both mentally and physically.
Studies show that dumped people who are looking at the photos of their partners would actually hit a hike in dopamine level which makes them feel good for a short period of time. It is like a shot of cocaine/morphine.
But at some point in time, you have to go cold turkey and get over all those stuff and find something/someone new to occupy your brain.

In a breakup man and woman behave differently.

The best way to get over a breakup is to habituate yourself in a way that you no more require those chemicals in your brain because if you go on doing the other way round you will never heal. It obviously takes some time but eventually, you do get over it.
When a woman experiences a break up they get a lot of emotional pain right away that is within the initial days of the event. But eventually, they fully recover and get free from all those hormonal imbalance and stuff.

On the other hand, men get less initial emotional pain but they will carry this low level of pain may be for rest of their lives. A part of them just can’t get over it.
In the study, women have reported feeling depression, fear, and anxiety just after a breakup whereas men reported feeling numbness and a loss of focus as well as anger.

~Jay Mehta