Microprocessor is a programmable device that can be used to control processes as basics as 'turning an LED ON or OFF ' to, as complicated as making a working humanoid.
Microprocessor can be viewed as a data processing unit or a computing unit in a computer.
It communicates and operates in the binary numbers called bits('0'and '1').
Instructions that we feed in the microprocessor are called MNEMONICS. This forms the assembly language of the microprocessor.
DEFINITION :-
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock driven, register based electronic device that reads 'binary instructions' from the storage device called 'memory', accepts binary data as inputs and process data according to those 'mnemonics' and provides the result as output.
Any programming Machine can be represented by this basic four components:-
- Microprocessor/Microcontroller.
- Memory
- Input
- Output.
These basic four components are sufficient enough to :-
- make a traffic light circuit.
- compute math functions.
- keep a track of guidance system.
BIT is and abbreviation for Binary daTa. This digit is represented as a voltage in the machine code.
WORD is recognized as a group of bits that can be processed by a microprocessor. According to the word length we have different microprocessors:-
- 8-bit microprocessor .
- 16-bit microprocessor.
- 32-bit microprocessor.
Microprocessor as CPU:-{MPU-Micro - Processing Unit.}:-
image...{block diagram_1}
CPU: Central Processing Unit. Consist of ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and Control Unit. Has registers that stores data.
Control Unit:- it takes care about the time required to complete a process.
ALU :- takes cares about the arithmetic and logical operations. Has counters and decoders in it.
Control Unit:- it takes care about the time required to complete a process.
ALU :- takes cares about the arithmetic and logical operations. Has counters and decoders in it.
Peripherals: They are the input and output device that are connected to the microprocessor. Like- Keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
Micro - Processing Unit :- it implies a complete processing unit with the necessary control systems and signals.
Due to limited numbers of pins available in a microprocessor we need to connect certain discrete circuits to make the microprocessor a complete functional unit or MPU.
Due to limited numbers of pins available in a microprocessor we need to connect certain discrete circuits to make the microprocessor a complete functional unit or MPU.
Microcontroller is a device which has MPU with memory and input-output interfacing circuits built in a single chip.
Micro-computer is a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
Micro-computer is a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
image..{block diagram_2}.
Abbreviations:-
SSI: Small Scale Integration .
MSI: Medium Scale Integration.
LSI: Large Scale Integration.
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration.
SLSI: Super Large Scale Integration.
MSI: Medium Scale Integration.
LSI: Large Scale Integration.
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration.
SLSI: Super Large Scale Integration.
8085 has :-
- 65000 transistors.
- 5MHz internal clock speed.
- 16-bit address bus.
- 8-bit data bus.
- 64000 addressable memory locations.
Microprocessor is divided into three basic components:-
- ALU.
- Register Array.
- Control Unit.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit:- Performs the basic math and logical operations (AND, OR and XOR).
Register Array:- "B, C; D,E; H,L" are the six basic registers which can be used by the user to store temporary data during the execution of the program. They form three register pairs namely, BC; DE; HL pairs.
Control Unit:- Provides necessary timing and control signals to the microprocessor. Controls the flow of data among microprocessor, memory, and peripherals.
Register Array:- "B, C; D,E; H,L" are the six basic registers which can be used by the user to store temporary data during the execution of the program. They form three register pairs namely, BC; DE; HL pairs.
Control Unit:- Provides necessary timing and control signals to the microprocessor. Controls the flow of data among microprocessor, memory, and peripherals.
Memory:- Stores binary information as instructions/ data and provides that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary. Has two sections ROM and RAM.
ROM:- is used for storing a program that does not need any alterations. Programs in this section can only be read i.e. cannot be altered example-monitor program.
RAM:- or R/WM is called as the user memory as it is use to store user data and programs.
ROM:- is used for storing a program that does not need any alterations. Programs in this section can only be read i.e. cannot be altered example-monitor program.
RAM:- or R/WM is called as the user memory as it is use to store user data and programs.
Once the program is executed - - Microprocessor reads the instructions and data from the memory and performs the computation operation in its ALU section.
Result is either transferred to the output section for display or stored in the memory for later use.
Result is either transferred to the output section for display or stored in the memory for later use.
System Bus:- it is the communication network between the microprocessor and the peripherals, basically it is a group of wire carrying bits.
ALL PERIPHERALS SHARE THE SAME SYSTEM BUS; HOWEVER MICROPROCESSOR COMMUNICATES WITH ONLY ONE PERIPHERAL AT A TIME. TIMING IS PROVIDED BY THE CONTROL UNIT.
WORKING OF MICROPROCESSOR:-
When the microprocessor is given a command to execute the program, it reads and executes one instruction at a time and finally sends the result to the output.
Sequence is read, interpreted and performed.
Instructions are stored sequentially in the memory. So, a microprocessor first fetches the first instruction executes it, decodes it and then executes the next instruction.
This process of fetching, decoding and executing goes on until microprocessor has reached the halt instruction.
Sequence is read, interpreted and performed.
Instructions are stored sequentially in the memory. So, a microprocessor first fetches the first instruction executes it, decodes it and then executes the next instruction.
This process of fetching, decoding and executing goes on until microprocessor has reached the halt instruction.
Microprocessor uses- System Bus to fetch the instructions;
Registers to store data temporarily;
ALU to compute the functions and send the result to system bus;
Registers to store data temporarily;
ALU to compute the functions and send the result to system bus;
No comments:
Post a Comment