Introduction To VLSI

Introduction To VLSI:

• IC is the abbreviation of Integrated Circuits.
• It is a complete microelectronic circuit, in which both active and passive components are fabricated on a single tiny chip of silicon.
• The IC technology has made it possible to design and fabricate complex and flexible devices that are highly intelligent and adaptable for users.
• There was a significant revolution in the field of electronics after the invention of bipolar transistors by William Shockley.
• IC technology broadly classifies into two types:

1.             Bipolar transistors
2.             MOSFETs

• This field is now mainly used MOSFETs due to their marvelous benefits over bipolar transistors.

MOSFETS	BJTS
High input impedance	Low input impedance
Low power consumption	High power consumption
High noise margin	Low noise margin
Easily scalable	Difficult to scale down
High packing density	Low packing density
Slow	Fast

• At the beginning of 1960, first practical use of MOS IC was implemented; it was pMOS only logic. 
• Different categories of IC are manufacture based on their size:

1.             SSI – Small Scale IC (1 to 20 gates)
2.             MSI – Medium Scale IC (20 to 200 gates)
3.             LSI – Large Scale IC (200 to 2000 gates)
4.             VLSI – Very Large Scale IC (1000000 transistors)

• Gordon Moore, then with Fairchild Corporation and later the Co-founder of Intel in 1960, predicted that the numbers of transistors that can be implemented per chip will quadruple every three years because of shrinking feature size and growing to die size.
• In terms of transistor counts, logic chips contain significantly fewer transistors in any given year mainly due to large consumption of chip area for complex interconnects.
• Memory circuits are highly regular, and thus more cells can be integrated with much less area of interconnects.
• To continue growth in this field and keep up with Moore’s Law, it will be necessary to improve the technology in terms of both scaling and processing.
• Development in the field of BICMOS technology that combines bipolar and MOS devices on the same die can prove to a heading to keep up with the growth.

 ~Jay Mehta

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