The Novice Writer: Artificial Intelligence

The Rise of A.I.

What does artificial intelligence mean?

Artificial intelligence commonly known as AI – is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and reacts like humans.
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:

Speech recognition
Learning
Planning
Problem solving

Introduction:

Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence exhibited by machines, rather than humans or other animals (natural intelligence, NI). In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem-solving".
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success, and renewed funding. For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. However, in the early 21st-century statistical approaches to machine learning became successful enough to eclipse all other tools, approaches, problems, and schools of thought.
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.

Goal:

The overall research goal of artificial intelligence is to create technology that allows computers and machines to function in an intelligent manner.
The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into sub-problems.
These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display.

The Problems Faced:

The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:

Knowledge
Reasoning
Problem solving
Perception
Learning
Planning
Ability to manipulate and move objects

Core Parts of AI:

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence must have access to objects, categories, properties, and relations between all of them to implement knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in machines is a difficult and tedious approach.
Machine learning is another core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision involves classification and numerical regressions. Classification determines the category an object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output examples, thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from respective inputs. Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a well-defined branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational learning theory.
Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with a few sub-problems such as facial, object and gesture recognition.
Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require intelligence to handle tasks such as object manipulation and navigation, along with sub-problems of localization, motion planning, and mapping.

What’s AI got for Electronics?

What kind of Electronics is used in AI?

How can we integrate AI with our electronics?

Robotics is one field within artificial intelligence. It involves mechanical, usually computer-controlled, devices to perform tasks that require extreme precision or tedious or hazardous work by people. Traditional Robotics uses Artificial Intelligence planning techniques to program robot behaviors and works toward robots as technical devices that have to be developed and controlled by a human engineer. The Autonomous Robotics approach suggests that robots could develop and control themselves autonomously. These robots are able to adapt to both uncertain and incomplete information in constantly changing environments. This is possible by imitating the learning process of a single natural organism or through Evolutionary Robotics, which is to apply selective reproduction on populations of robots. It lets a simulated evolution process develop adaptive robots.
The artificial intelligence concept of the "expert system" is highly developed. This describes robot programmer’s ability to anticipate situations and provide the robot with a set of "if-then" rules. For example, if encountering a stairwell, stop and retreat. The more sophisticated concept is to give the robot the ability to "learn" from experience. A neural network brain equipped onto a robot will allow the robot to sample its world at random. Basically, the robot would be given some life-style goals, and, as it experimented, the actions resulting in success would be reinforced in the brain. This results in the robot devising its own rules. This is appealing to researchers and the community as it parallels human learning in lots of ways.
Artificial intelligence dramatically reduces or eliminates the risk to humans in many applications. Powerful artificial intelligence software helps to fully develop the high-precision machine capabilities of robots, often freeing them from direct human control and vastly improving their productivity. When a robot interacts with a richly populated and variable world, it uses its senses to gather data and then compare the sensate inputs with expectations that are embedded in its world model. Therefore the effectiveness of the robot is limited by the accuracy to which its programming models the real world.

Applications of AI:

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

Gaming − AI plays a crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the machine can think of a large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands the natural language spoken by humans.
Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
Vision Systems − these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer.

o For example,

§ A spying airplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.

§ Doctors use a clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

§ Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by a forensic artist.

Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
Handwriting Recognition − the handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.